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1 domestic business cycle
Экономика: экономический цикл внутри страныУниверсальный англо-русский словарь > domestic business cycle
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2 domestic business cycle
Англо-русский словарь по экономике и финансам > domestic business cycle
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3 domestic business cycle
English-russian dctionary of diplomacy > domestic business cycle
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4 business cycle
1) эк. деловой [экономияческий\] цикл, цикл деловой активности (периодические колебания уровня деловой активности в экономике страны, в которых принято выделять четыре фазы: подъем, бум, спад и депрессию)Syn:See:recovery 4), boom 1. 1), recession 1. 1), depression 1. 1), Juglar cycle, Kitchin cycle, Kondratieff cycle, Kuznets cycle, leading indicators, coincident indicators, lagging indicators, finished goods inventories, capacity utilization, housing market, housing price index, Institute for Supply Management, Purchasing Manager Index, retail sales expectations, whole sales, unemployment, Michigan Consumer Sentiment Index, Consumer Confidence Index, inflation, customer demand, export prices, housing starts, Existing Home Sales, business inventories, wholesale inventory, gross domestic product deflator, average workweek, business cycle indicator, Confederation of British Industry, reference cycle, reference date, turning point, countercyclical policy, cyclical deficit, borrowing, automatic fiscal stabilizer2) упр. производственный цикл (часть операционного цикла предприятия, характеризующая период полного оборота материальных элементов оборотных активов, используемых для обслуживания производственного процесса, начиная с момента поступления сырья, материалов, полуфабрикатов, комплектующих и заканчивая моментом отгрузки изготовленной из них готовой продукции)See:
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деловой цикл: 1) период подъема и затем падения деловой активности (полный цикл), измеряемый изменением ВВП страны; деловой цикл оказывает прямое влияние на прибыльность компаний и положение трудящихся; может разбиваться на стадии процветания, кризиса, рецессии и подъема; в США деловой цикл обычно считается равным 52 месяцам, но предсказания развития делового цикла крайне неточны; 2) срок, который необходим для превращения сырьевых материалов в готовый продукт.* * *Бизнес-цикл (финансовый цикл), цикл деловой активности. Повторяющиеся циклы роста и спада экономики . Инвестиционная деятельность .* * *цикл деловой активности; торгово-промышленный (экономический) циклпроцесс регулярных увеличений и сокращений объема инвестиций, производства и занятости, являющихся причиной бумов и кризисов с промежуточными фазами спада и оживления -
5 business cycle indicator
эк. индикатор делового [экономического\] цикла (показатель, по которому можно судить о стадии экономического цикла, напр., уровень безработицы, ВВП, заказы на товары длительного пользования и т. п.)See:business cycle, leading indicators, coincident indicators, lagging indicators, finished goods inventories, capacity utilization, housing market, housing price index, Institute for Supply Management, Purchasing Manager Index, retail sales expectations, whole sales, unemployment, Michigan Consumer Sentiment Index, Consumer Confidence Index, inflation, customer demand, export prices, housing starts, business inventories, wholesale inventory, gross domestic product deflator, average workweek* * *1) индикатор экономического цикла; 2) индикаторы деловых цикловАнгло-русский экономический словарь > business cycle indicator
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6 business cycle
эк. деловой [экономический] цикл, цикл деловой активности (периодические колебания уровня деловой активности в экономике страны, в которых принято выделять четыре фазы: подъем, бум, спад и депрессию)Syn:See:recovery, boom, recession, depression, leading indicators, coincident indicators, lagging indicators, finished goods inventories, capacity utilization, housing market, housing price index, Institute for Supply Management, Purchasing Manager Index, whole sales, unemployment, Michigan Consumer Sentiment Index, Consumer Confidence Index, customer demand, export prices, housing starts, Existing Home Sales, wholesale inventories, gross domestic product deflator, average workweek, Confederation of British Industry, countercyclical policy, borrowingThe new English-Russian dictionary of financial markets > business cycle
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7 cycle
(экономический) цикл; кругооборот; период || проходить цикл развития -
8 cycle
nцикл, полный круг; период; экономический цикл, цикл деловой активности -
9 domestic
1. прил.1)а) общ. домашний; семейныйdomestic cares [functions\] — обязанности по дому, домашние дела
See:domestic account 3), domestic labour, domestic partnership, 1), domestic violence, domestic relations order, domestic purposes benefitб) общ. бытовой (для домашнего потребления, в отличие от промышленного потребления)See:в) общ. домоседливый; любящий семейную жизньdomestic man [woman\] — домосед [домоседка\]
2)а) общ. внутренний ( находящийся или происходящий внутри страны или предприятия)domestic airport — внутренний аэропорт, аэропорт внутренних авиалиний
See:domestic account 1), domestic acquisition, domestic advertising, domestic affairs, domestic agreement, domestic analogy, domestic bill, domestic bond, domestic commerce, domestic consumption, domestic debt, domestic demand, domestic diplomacy, domestic distortion, domestic exchange ratio, domestic interest shock, domestic interest rate shock, domestic investment, domestic loan, domestic market 1), domestic marketer, domestic marketing, domestic merger, domestic outlet, domestic policy, domestic politics, domestic price, domestic public debt, domestic revenue effect, domestic resources, domestic savings, domestic subsidy, domestic support, domestic trade, Domestic Policy Councilб) общ. местный, отечественныйSee:domestic account 2), domestic applicant, domestic brand, domestic business, domestic company, domestic corporation, domestic currency, domestic exports, domestic food, domestic goods, domestic invention, domestic licensing, domestic market 2), domestic ordering, domestic owner, domestic patent, domestic production, domestic products, 2),в) сокр. D межд. эк., амер. местный* (один из статусов, присваиваемых товарам при допуске их в зону внешней торговли; этот статус присваивается товарам, которые были выращены или произведены на территории США либо ранее были ввезены на территорию США и прошли таможенную очистку (т. е. импортные товары, по которым были уплачены все причитающиеся пошлины и налоги))See:3) общ. домашний, прирученный ( о животных)2. сущ.1) общ. (домашняя) прислуга, слуги2) мн., эк., амер. товары отечественного производстваSee:import 1. 2) -
10 gross domestic product
сокр. GDP1) эк. валовой внутренний продукт, ВВП (совокупная стоимость товаров и услуг, созданных внутри страны за определенный период, обычно за год; один из основополагающих макроэкономических показателей)See:net domestic product, gross national product, nominal GDP, GDP-indexed bond, government expenditure multiplier, expenditure method, income method2) эк., стат. отчет о валовом внутреннем продукте (официальный ежемесячный отчет, содержащий подробный учет конечного спроса; отчет включает в себя в качестве составляющих менее крупные экономические индикаторы; для финансовых рынков, валютной и фондовой биржи отчет является главным индикатором, отражающим состояние национальной экономики)Syn:See:gross domestic product deflator, GDP implicit price deflator, economic indicator, fundamental analysis, business cycle, net export curve, economic development
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abbrev.: GDP gross domestic product валовой внутренний продукт (ВВП): совокупная стоимость товаров и услуг, созданных внутри страны за определенный период; ВВП включает потребительские и правительственные закупки, частные внутренние инвестиции, нетто-экспорт товаров и услуг; цифры ВВП публикуются ежеквартально Департаментом торговли; рост экономики обычно определяется изменениями реального ВВП (с поправкой на инфляцию); см. gross national product.* * *валовой внутренний продукт, (ВВП)совокупная рыночная стоимость всего объема товаров и услуг во всех сферах экономики страны независимо от национальной принадлежности предприятий, расположенных на территории данного государства abbr GDPАнгло-русский экономический словарь > gross domestic product
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11 gross domestic product
сокр. GDP1) эк. валовой внутренний продукт, ВВП (совокупная стоимость товаров и услуг, созданных внутри страны за определенный период (обычно за год); один из основополагающих макроэкономических показателей)See:2) эк., стат. отчет о валовом внутреннем продукте (официальный ежемесячный отчет, содержащий подробный учет конечного спроса; отчет включает в себя в качестве составляющих менее крупные экономические индикаторы; для финансовых рынков, валютной и фондовой биржи отчет является главным индикатором, отражающим состояние национальной экономики)Syn:See:The new English-Russian dictionary of financial markets > gross domestic product
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12 expansion
ɪksˈpænʃən сущ.
1) увеличение, расширение (в размере, объеме, количестве) ;
распространение, экспансия;
рост, развитие expansion of gases when heated ≈ расширение газов при нагревании the rapid expansion of private health insurance ≈ быстрый рост частного страхования здоровья expansion of the currency ≈ расширение денежного обращения a new period of economic expansion ≈ новый период экономического роста The company has abandoned plans for further expansion. ≈ Компания отказалась от плана дальнейшего расширения. The book is an expansion of a lecture series. ≈ Книга является расширением серии лекций. Syn: stretching, expanse, dilatation
2) пространство, протяжение The expansions of hard rock, afford a kind of irregular pavement. ≈ Пространство, выложенное грубым булыжником, образовывало нечто похожее на неровную мостовую.
3) подробное изложение, детализация;
мат. раскрытие( формулы)
4) тех. развальцовка, раскатка рост, развитие, распроcтранение - economic * экономический подъем - * of armaments рост вооружений - * in cultural exchanges развитие культурного обмена - * of the currency расширение денежного обращения расширение, растяжение, растяжка;
увеличение (в объеме) (специальное) (тепловое) расширение - linear /line/ * линейное расширение - * clearance (строительство) температурный шов;
(техническое) тепловой компенсационный зазор - * device( техническое) компенсатор пространство, протяжение;
простор - the starred * of the skies звездный простор неба экспансия - territorial * территориальные захваты (более) подробное изложение;
детализация - the * of a monograph переработка монографии с целью дополнения - the subject is one capable of almost indefinite * по этому вопросу можно распространяться бесконечно (математика) раскрытие (формулы) ;
разложение (в ряд) (техническое) раскатка, развальцовка (геология) распространение на большую поверхность abbreviation ~ расшифровка аббревиатуры balance sheet ~ расширенный балансовый отчет business cycle ~ фаза подъема в экономическом цикле business cycle ~ циклический экономический подъем business ~ экономический подъем consumption ~ рост потребления credit ~ кредитная экспансия domestic credit ~ показатель расширения кредитных операций внутри страны expansion подробное изложение ~ пространство, протяжение ~ развитие ~ тех. раскатка, развальцовка ~ мат. раскрытие (формулы) ~ распространение ~ расширение;
растяжение;
распространение ~ расширение ~ рост ~ увеличение ~ экспансия ~ in consumption рост потребления ~ of built-up areas расширение районов застройки ~ of capital stock увеличение акционерного капитала ~ of domestic demand увеличение спроса на внутреннем рынке ~ of liquidity увеличение ликвидности ~ of plant facilities расширение производственных мощностей ~ of production расширение производства grid ~ вчт. распостранение по сетке in-line subroutine ~ вчт. подстановка подпрограммы вместо ее вызова industrial ~ промышленная экспансия industrial ~ экстенсивное развитие промышленности macro ~ вчт. макрорасширение sweep ~ вчт. растяжение разверткиБольшой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > expansion
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13 expansion
[ɪksˈpænʃən]abbreviation expansion расшифровка аббревиатуры balance sheet expansion расширенный балансовый отчет business cycle expansion фаза подъема в экономическом цикле business cycle expansion циклический экономический подъем business expansion экономический подъем consumption expansion рост потребления credit expansion кредитная экспансия domestic credit expansion показатель расширения кредитных операций внутри страны expansion подробное изложение expansion пространство, протяжение expansion развитие expansion тех. раскатка, развальцовка expansion мат. раскрытие (формулы) expansion распространение expansion расширение; растяжение; распространение expansion расширение expansion рост expansion увеличение expansion экспансия expansion in consumption рост потребления expansion of built-up areas расширение районов застройки expansion of capital stock увеличение акционерного капитала expansion of domestic demand увеличение спроса на внутреннем рынке expansion of liquidity увеличение ликвидности expansion of plant facilities расширение производственных мощностей expansion of production расширение производства grid expansion вчт. распостранение по сетке in-line subroutine expansion вчт. подстановка подпрограммы вместо ее вызова industrial expansion промышленная экспансия industrial expansion экстенсивное развитие промышленности macro expansion вчт. макрорасширение sweep expansion вчт. растяжение развертки -
14 expansion
1) экспансия2) расширение, рост; подъём (экономической активности) -
15 expansion
n1) рост, развитие, расширение2) увеличение3) экспансия
- balanced expansion
- banking expansion
- business expansion
- business cycle expansion
- capital expenditure expansion
- capital investment expansion
- credit expansion
- cumulative expansion
- cyclical expansion
- delivery expansion
- diagonal expansion
- domestic credit expansion
- economic expansion
- enterprise expansion
- foreign trade expansion
- industrial expansion
- market expansion
- monetary expansion
- output expansion
- rapid expansion
- sales expansion
- territorial expansion
- trade expansion
- vertical expansion of demand
- expansion of the assortment
- expansion of ATM network
- expansion of automatic telling machines network
- expansion of consumption
- expansion of cooperation
- expansion of credit relations
- expansion of currency
- expansion of currency relations
- expansion of demand
- expansion of deposits
- expansion of economic relations
- expansion of an enterprise
- expansion of exchange
- expansion of exports
- expansion of financial transactions
- expansion of imports
- expansion of international cooperation
- expansion of multilateral contacts
- expansion of operations
- expansion of production
- expansion of production volume
- expansion of the range of goods
- expansion of relations
- expansion of sales
- expansion of shadow economy
- expansion of ties
- expansion of trade
- expansion of value
- achieve expansionEnglish-russian dctionary of contemporary Economics > expansion
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16 промышленность
жен. industry отечественная промышленность ≈ domestic industry мясоконсервная промышленность ≈ meat-packing industry оборонная промышленность ≈ defense industry крупная промышленность ≈ large-scale industry тяжелая промышленность ≈ heavy industry легкая промышленность ≈ light industry добывающая промышленность ≈ extractive industry обрабатывающая промышленность ≈ manufacturing industry фармацевтическая промышленность ≈ pharmaceutical industryпромышленн|ость - ж. industry;
крупная ~ large scale industry;
тяжёлая ~ heavy industry;
лёгкая ~ light industry;
добывающая ~ extractive industry;
обрабатывающая ~ manufacturing/processing industry;
основные отрасли ~ости main/basic industries;
~ый industrial;
~ое предприятие industrial establishment;
~ый центр industrial center;
~ый район industrial area;
~ый потенциал страны the country`s industrial potential;
~ый суд юр. industrial court;
~ая выставка industrial exhibition;
~ая эксплуатация commercial operation;
~ые изделия manufactured goods;
~ый образец industrial sample;
~ый цикл business cycle;
~ый маркетинг industrial marketing;
~ый кинофильм industrial film;
~ое телевидение industrial television.Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > промышленность
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17 inflation
сущ.1) общ. надувание; наполнение (газом)2) сокр. INFL эк. инфляция (рост общего уровня цен или цен отдельной группы товаров; обычно вызывается увеличением денежной массы или неблагоприятным изменением условий предложения)long-lasting inflation — длительная [продолжительная, устойчивая\] инфляция
See:actual inflation, administrative inflation, autonomous inflation, bottleneck inflation, built-in inflation, core inflation, cost-push inflation, credit inflation, demand-pull inflation, galloping inflation, hyperinflation, imported inflation, induced inflation, monetary inflation, profit inflation, profit-push inflation, sellers' inflation, structural inflation, tax-push inflation, inflation expectations, inflation hedge, inflation premium, inflation proofing, inflation rate, inflation risk, adjustment for inflation, employment-inflation trade-off, inflation guard endorsement, inflation-indexed fund, inflation-indexed security, inflation-proof investment, inflation-proof security, unit labour cost, average hourly earnings, import prices, export prices, consumer price index, producer price index, business cycle, fundamental analysis, economic indicator, gross domestic product deflator, index-linked, adjusted historical cost, anti-inflationary policy, Black Tuesday, disinflation, deflation, employment cost index, flation, functional finance, general price level, incomes policy, index of prices received by farmers, inflationary issue, deflator, indexation, reflate
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инфляция: ситуация в экономике, характеризуемая ростом цен товаров и услуг; причины инфляции могут быть в эмиссии денег, дефиците бюджета, увеличении спроса на кредит, росте издержек предприятий (напр., из-за требований повышения зарплаты); в результате денежная масса в обращении становится больше товарной, и это ведет к росту цен; высокая инфляция вынуждает экономических агентов защищаться путем перевода средств в реальные активы, что опасно для нормального функционирования финансовой системы; см. cost-push inflation;* * *. Процент, на который повышается общий уровень цен на товары и услуги . Инвестиционная деятельность .* * *Финансы/Кредит/Валютачрезмерное увеличение находящейся в обращении массы бумажных денег; обесценение бумажных денег, находящихся в обращении, падение их покупательной способности-----обесценение денег, расстройство кредитно-денежной системы, проявляющиеся, прежде всего, в общем и неравномерном росте цен на товары и услуги; ведет к перераспределению национального дохода (национального богатства) в ущерб всех слоев населения, имеющих фиксированные доходы -
18 near cash
!гос. фин. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.This paper provides background information on the framework for the planning and control of public expenditure in the UK which has been operated since the 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR). It sets out the different classifications of spending for budgeting purposes and why these distinctions have been adopted. It discusses how the public expenditure framework is designed to ensure both sound public finances and an outcome-focused approach to public expenditure.The UK's public spending framework is based on several key principles:"consistency with a long-term, prudent and transparent regime for managing the public finances as a whole;" "the judgement of success by policy outcomes rather than resource inputs;" "strong incentives for departments and their partners in service delivery to plan over several years and plan together where appropriate so as to deliver better public services with greater cost effectiveness; and"the proper costing and management of capital assets to provide the right incentives for public investment.The Government sets policy to meet two firm fiscal rules:"the Golden Rule states that over the economic cycle, the Government will borrow only to invest and not to fund current spending; and"the Sustainable Investment Rule states that net public debt as a proportion of GDP will be held over the economic cycle at a stable and prudent level. Other things being equal, net debt will be maintained below 40 per cent of GDP over the economic cycle.Achievement of the fiscal rules is assessed by reference to the national accounts, which are produced by the Office for National Statistics, acting as an independent agency. The Government sets its spending envelope to comply with these fiscal rules.Departmental Expenditure Limits ( DEL) and Annually Managed Expenditure (AME)"Departmental Expenditure Limit ( DEL) spending, which is planned and controlled on a three year basis in Spending Reviews; and"Annually Managed Expenditure ( AME), which is expenditure which cannot reasonably be subject to firm, multi-year limits in the same way as DEL. AME includes social security benefits, local authority self-financed expenditure, debt interest, and payments to EU institutions.More information about DEL and AME is set out below.In Spending Reviews, firm DEL plans are set for departments for three years. To ensure consistency with the Government's fiscal rules departments are set separate resource (current) and capital budgets. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.To encourage departments to plan over the medium term departments may carry forward unspent DEL provision from one year into the next and, subject to the normal tests for tautness and realism of plans, may be drawn down in future years. This end-year flexibility also removes any incentive for departments to use up their provision as the year end approaches with less regard to value for money. For the full benefits of this flexibility and of three year plans to feed through into improved public service delivery, end-year flexibility and three year budgets should be cascaded from departments to executive agencies and other budget holders.Three year budgets and end-year flexibility give those managing public services the stability to plan their operations on a sensible time scale. Further, the system means that departments cannot seek to bid up funds each year (before 1997, three year plans were set and reviewed in annual Public Expenditure Surveys). So the credibility of medium-term plans has been enhanced at both central and departmental level.Departments have certainty over the budgetary allocation over the medium term and these multi-year DEL plans are strictly enforced. Departments are expected to prioritise competing pressures and fund these within their overall annual limits, as set in Spending Reviews. So the DEL system provides a strong incentive to control costs and maximise value for money.There is a small centrally held DEL Reserve. Support from the Reserve is available only for genuinely unforeseeable contingencies which departments cannot be expected to manage within their DEL.AME typically consists of programmes which are large, volatile and demand-led, and which therefore cannot reasonably be subject to firm multi-year limits. The biggest single element is social security spending. Other items include tax credits, Local Authority Self Financed Expenditure, Scottish Executive spending financed by non-domestic rates, and spending financed from the proceeds of the National Lottery.AME is reviewed twice a year as part of the Budget and Pre-Budget Report process reflecting the close integration of the tax and benefit system, which was enhanced by the introduction of tax credits.AME is not subject to the same three year expenditure limits as DEL, but is still part of the overall envelope for public expenditure. Affordability is taken into account when policy decisions affecting AME are made. The Government has committed itself not to take policy measures which are likely to have the effect of increasing social security or other elements of AME without taking steps to ensure that the effects of those decisions can be accommodated prudently within the Government's fiscal rules.Given an overall envelope for public spending, forecasts of AME affect the level of resources available for DEL spending. Cautious estimates and the AME margin are built in to these AME forecasts and reduce the risk of overspending on AME.Together, DEL plus AME sum to Total Managed Expenditure (TME). TME is a measure drawn from national accounts. It represents the current and capital spending of the public sector. The public sector is made up of central government, local government and public corporations.Resource and Capital Budgets are set in terms of accruals information. Accruals information measures resources as they are consumed rather than when the cash is paid. So for example the Resource Budget includes a charge for depreciation, a measure of the consumption or wearing out of capital assets."Non cash charges in budgets do not impact directly on the fiscal framework. That may be because the national accounts use a different way of measuring the same thing, for example in the case of the depreciation of departmental assets. Or it may be that the national accounts measure something different: for example, resource budgets include a cost of capital charge reflecting the opportunity cost of holding capital; the national accounts include debt interest."Within the Resource Budget DEL, departments have separate controls on:"Near cash spending, the sub set of Resource Budgets which impacts directly on the Golden Rule; and"The amount of their Resource Budget DEL that departments may spend on running themselves (e.g. paying most civil servants’ salaries) is limited by Administration Budgets, which are set in Spending Reviews. Administration Budgets are used to ensure that as much money as practicable is available for front line services and programmes. These budgets also help to drive efficiency improvements in departments’ own activities. Administration Budgets exclude the costs of frontline services delivered directly by departments.The Budget preceding a Spending Review sets an overall envelope for public spending that is consistent with the fiscal rules for the period covered by the Spending Review. In the Spending Review, the Budget AME forecast for year one of the Spending Review period is updated, and AME forecasts are made for the later years of the Spending Review period.The 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review ( CSR), which was published in July 1998, was a comprehensive review of departmental aims and objectives alongside a zero-based analysis of each spending programme to determine the best way of delivering the Government's objectives. The 1998 CSR allocated substantial additional resources to the Government's key priorities, particularly education and health, for the three year period from 1999-2000 to 2001-02.Delivering better public services does not just depend on how much money the Government spends, but also on how well it spends it. Therefore the 1998 CSR introduced Public Service Agreements (PSAs). Each major government department was given its own PSA setting out clear targets for achievements in terms of public service improvements.The 1998 CSR also introduced the DEL/ AME framework for the control of public spending, and made other framework changes. Building on the investment and reforms delivered by the 1998 CSR, successive spending reviews in 2000, 2002 and 2004 have:"provided significant increase in resources for the Government’s priorities, in particular health and education, and cross-cutting themes such as raising productivity; extending opportunity; and building strong and secure communities;" "enabled the Government significantly to increase investment in public assets and address the legacy of under investment from past decades. Departmental Investment Strategies were introduced in SR2000. As a result there has been a steady increase in public sector net investment from less than ¾ of a per cent of GDP in 1997-98 to 2¼ per cent of GDP in 2005-06, providing better infrastructure across public services;" "introduced further refinements to the performance management framework. PSA targets have been reduced in number over successive spending reviews from around 300 to 110 to give greater focus to the Government’s highest priorities. The targets have become increasingly outcome-focused to deliver further improvements in key areas of public service delivery across Government. They have also been refined in line with the conclusions of the Devolving Decision Making Review to provide a framework which encourages greater devolution and local flexibility. Technical Notes were introduced in SR2000 explaining how performance against each PSA target will be measured; and"not only allocated near cash spending to departments, but also – since SR2002 - set Resource DEL plans for non cash spending.To identify what further investments and reforms are needed to equip the UK for the global challenges of the decade ahead, on 19 July 2005 the Chief Secretary to the Treasury announced that the Government intends to launch a second Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR) reporting in 2007.A decade on from the first CSR, the 2007 CSR will represent a long-term and fundamental review of government expenditure. It will cover departmental allocations for 2008-09, 2009-10 and 2010 11. Allocations for 2007-08 will be held to the agreed figures already announced by the 2004 Spending Review. To provide a rigorous analytical framework for these departmental allocations, the Government will be taking forward a programme of preparatory work over 2006 involving:"an assessment of what the sustained increases in spending and reforms to public service delivery have achieved since the first CSR. The assessment will inform the setting of new objectives for the decade ahead;" "an examination of the key long-term trends and challenges that will shape the next decade – including demographic and socio-economic change, globalisation, climate and environmental change, global insecurity and technological change – together with an assessment of how public services will need to respond;" "to release the resources needed to address these challenges, and to continue to secure maximum value for money from public spending over the CSR period, a set of zero-based reviews of departments’ baseline expenditure to assess its effectiveness in delivering the Government’s long-term objectives; together with"further development of the efficiency programme, building on the cross cutting areas identified in the Gershon Review, to embed and extend ongoing efficiency savings into departmental expenditure planning.The 2007 CSR also offers the opportunity to continue to refine the PSA framework so that it drives effective delivery and the attainment of ambitious national standards.Public Service Agreements (PSAs) were introduced in the 1998 CSR. They set out agreed targets detailing the outputs and outcomes departments are expected to deliver with the resources allocated to them. The new spending regime places a strong emphasis on outcome targets, for example in providing for better health and higher educational standards or service standards. The introduction in SR2004 of PSA ‘standards’ will ensure that high standards in priority areas are maintained.The Government monitors progress against PSA targets, and departments report in detail twice a year in their annual Departmental Reports (published in spring) and in their autumn performance reports. These reports provide Parliament and the public with regular updates on departments’ performance against their targets.Technical Notes explain how performance against each PSA target will be measured.To make the most of both new investment and existing assets, there needs to be a coherent long term strategy against which investment decisions are taken. Departmental Investment Strategies (DIS) set out each department's plans to deliver the scale and quality of capital stock needed to underpin its objectives. The DIS includes information about the department's existing capital stock and future plans for that stock, as well as plans for new investment. It also sets out the systems that the department has in place to ensure that it delivers its capital programmes effectively.This document was updated on 19 December 2005.Near-cash resource expenditure that has a related cash implication, even though the timing of the cash payment may be slightly different. For example, expenditure on gas or electricity supply is incurred as the fuel is used, though the cash payment might be made in arrears on aquarterly basis. Other examples of near-cash expenditure are: pay, rental.Net cash requirement the upper limit agreed by Parliament on the cash which a department may draw from theConsolidated Fund to finance the expenditure within the ambit of its Request forResources. It is equal to the agreed amount of net resources and net capital less non-cashitems and working capital.Non-cash cost costs where there is no cash transaction but which are included in a body’s accounts (or taken into account in charging for a service) to establish the true cost of all the resourcesused.Non-departmental a body which has a role in the processes of government, but is not a government public body, NDPBdepartment or part of one. NDPBs accordingly operate at arm’s length from governmentMinisters.Notional cost of a cost which is taken into account in setting fees and charges to improve comparability with insuranceprivate sector service providers.The charge takes account of the fact that public bodies donot generally pay an insurance premium to a commercial insurer.the independent body responsible for collecting and publishing official statistics about theUK’s society and economy. (At the time of going to print legislation was progressing tochange this body to the Statistics Board).Office of Government an office of the Treasury, with a status similar to that of an agency, which aims to maximise Commerce, OGCthe government’s purchasing power for routine items and combine professional expertiseto bear on capital projects.Office of the the government department responsible for discharging the Paymaster General’s statutoryPaymaster General,responsibilities to hold accounts and make payments for government departments and OPGother public bodies.Orange bookthe informal title for Management of Risks: Principles and Concepts, which is published by theTreasury for the guidance of public sector bodies.Office for NationalStatistics, ONS60Managing Public Money————————————————————————————————————————"GLOSSARYOverdraftan account with a negative balance.Parliament’s formal agreement to authorise an activity or expenditure.Prerogative powerspowers exercisable under the Royal Prerogative, ie powers which are unique to the Crown,as contrasted with common-law powers which may be available to the Crown on the samebasis as to natural persons.Primary legislationActs which have been passed by the Westminster Parliament and, where they haveappropriate powers, the Scottish Parliament and the Northern Ireland Assembly. Begin asBills until they have received Royal Assent.arrangements under which a public sector organisation contracts with a private sectorentity to construct a facility and provide associated services of a specified quality over asustained period. See annex 7.5.Proprietythe principle that patterns of resource consumption should respect Parliament’s intentions,conventions and control procedures, including any laid down by the PAC. See box 2.4.Public Accountssee Committee of Public Accounts.CommitteePublic corporationa trading body controlled by central government, local authority or other publiccorporation that has substantial day to day operating independence. See section 7.8.Public Dividend finance provided by government to public sector bodies as an equity stake; an alternative to Capital, PDCloan finance.Public Service sets out what the public can expect the government to deliver with its resources. EveryAgreement, PSAlarge government department has PSA(s) which specify deliverables as targets or aimsrelated to objectives.a structured arrangement between a public sector and a private sector organisation tosecure an outcome delivering good value for money for the public sector. It is classified tothe public or private sector according to which has more control.Rate of returnthe financial remuneration delivered by a particular project or enterprise, expressed as apercentage of the net assets employed.Regularitythe principle that resource consumption should accord with the relevant legislation, therelevant delegated authority and this document. See box 2.4.Request for the functional level into which departmental Estimates may be split. RfRs contain a number Resources, RfRof functions being carried out by the department in pursuit of one or more of thatdepartment’s objectives.Resource accountan accruals account produced in line with the Financial Reporting Manual (FReM).Resource accountingthe system under which budgets, Estimates and accounts are constructed in a similar wayto commercial audited accounts, so that both plans and records of expenditure allow in fullfor the goods and services which are to be, or have been, consumed – ie not just the cashexpended.Resource budgetthe means by which the government plans and controls the expenditure of resources tomeet its objectives.Restitutiona legal concept which allows money and property to be returned to its rightful owner. Ittypically operates where another person can be said to have been unjustly enriched byreceiving such monies.Return on capital the ratio of profit to capital employed of an accounting entity during an identified period.employed, ROCEVarious measures of profit and of capital employed may be used in calculating the ratio.Public Privatepartnership, PPPPrivate Finance Initiative, PFIParliamentaryauthority61Managing Public Money"————————————————————————————————————————GLOSSARYRoyal charterthe document setting out the powers and constitution of a corporation established underprerogative power of the monarch acting on Privy Council advice.Second readingthe second formal time that a House of Parliament may debate a bill, although in practicethe first substantive debate on its content. If successful, it is deemed to denoteParliamentary approval of the principle of the proposed legislation.Secondary legislationlaws, including orders and regulations, which are made using powers in primary legislation.Normally used to set out technical and administrative provision in greater detail thanprimary legislation, they are subject to a less intense level of scrutiny in Parliament.European legislation is,however,often implemented in secondary legislation using powers inthe European Communities Act 1972.Service-level agreement between parties, setting out in detail the level of service to be performed.agreementWhere agreements are between central government bodies, they are not legally a contractbut have a similar function.Shareholder Executive a body created to improve the government’s performance as a shareholder in businesses.Spending reviewsets out the key improvements in public services that the public can expect over a givenperiod. It includes a thorough review of departmental aims and objectives to find the bestway of delivering the government’s objectives, and sets out the spending plans for the givenperiod.State aidstate support for a domestic body or company which could distort EU competition and sois not usually allowed. See annex 4.9.Statement of Excessa formal statement detailing departments’ overspends prepared by the Comptroller andAuditor General as a result of undertaking annual audits.Statement on Internal an annual statement that Accounting Officers are required to make as part of the accounts Control, SICon a range of risk and control issues.Subheadindividual elements of departmental expenditure identifiable in Estimates as single cells, forexample cell A1 being administration costs within a particular line of departmental spending.Supplyresources voted by Parliament in response to Estimates, for expenditure by governmentdepartments.Supply Estimatesa statement of the resources the government needs in the coming financial year, and forwhat purpose(s), by which Parliamentary authority is sought for the planned level ofexpenditure and income.Target rate of returnthe rate of return required of a project or enterprise over a given period, usually at least a year.Third sectorprivate sector bodies which do not act commercially,including charities,social and voluntaryorganisations and other not-for-profit collectives. See annex 7.7.Total Managed a Treasury budgeting term which covers all current and capital spending carried out by the Expenditure,TMEpublic sector (ie not just by central departments).Trading fundan organisation (either within a government department or forming one) which is largely orwholly financed from commercial revenue generated by its activities. Its Estimate shows itsnet impact, allowing its income from receipts to be devoted entirely to its business.Treasury Minutea formal administrative document drawn up by the Treasury, which may serve a wide varietyof purposes including seeking Parliamentary approval for the use of receipts asappropriations in aid, a remission of some or all of the principal of voted loans, andresponding on behalf of the government to reports by the Public Accounts Committee(PAC).62Managing Public Money————————————————————————————————————————GLOSSARY63Managing Public MoneyValue for moneythe process under which organisation’s procurement, projects and processes aresystematically evaluated and assessed to provide confidence about suitability, effectiveness,prudence,quality,value and avoidance of error and other waste,judged for the public sectoras a whole.Virementthe process through which funds are moved between subheads such that additionalexpenditure on one is met by savings on one or more others.Votethe process by which Parliament approves funds in response to supply Estimates.Voted expenditureprovision for expenditure that has been authorised by Parliament. Parliament ‘votes’authority for public expenditure through the Supply Estimates process. Most expenditureby central government departments is authorised in this way.Wider market activity activities undertaken by central government organisations outside their statutory duties,using spare capacity and aimed at generating a commercial profit. See annex 7.6.Windfallmonies received by a department which were not anticipated in the spending review.———————————————————————————————————————— -
19 market
1. сущ.1) эк. рынок; базар (специальное место, где осуществляется торговля)COMBS:
It is cheaper to buy vegetables from the market than from a shop. — Овощи дешевле покупать на рынке, чем в магазине.
Syn:marketplace 1), bazaar 1)See:2) эк. рынок (совокупность продавцов и покупателей какого-л. товара)to place [to put\] goods on the market, to bring goods to market — предлагать товар к продаже
In 1930 the first home laundry machine and refrigerator were put on the market. — В 1930 г. на рынке появилась первая бытовая стиральная машина и холодильник.
ATTRIBUTES [structure\]: actual 1. 1), auction 1. 1), call 1. 1), n6б, captive 1. 1), n4, classical 1. 3), concentrated 1. 1) а), continuous 1. 1) а), first 2. 3) а), forward 1. 1), n4, fourth, imperfect 1. 1), б, inside 2. 1) а), intermediate 2. 2) а), inverted 1. 3), monopolistic, oligopolistic, one-sided 1. 3), one-way 2. 4) а), open outcry, outcry, over-the-counter 2. 1) а), over-the-telephone, parallel 2. 1) а), perfect 1. 1), n2б, pitching, physical 2. 1) а), public 1. 1), n4, pure 1. 1) а), retail 2. 1) а), screen-based, second 1. 1), n2, sideways 2. 6) а), spot 2. 1) а), third 2. 3) а), wholesale 2. 1) а)
ATTRIBUTES [legality\]: administered 1), bear 1. 2), black 1. 3) а), blocked 1. 2) а), controlled, democratic 1), formal 1. 1) а), free 1. 1) а), informal 1), б, illicit, kerb, organized 1), в, overt 1. 2) а), regulated, rigged 1. 2) а)
See:CHILD [product\]: product market, financial market, services market, political market, pollution permit market, related markets CHILD [structure\]: actual market 2), 3), aftermarket 1), auction market, call market, carrying market, cash market, 1), 1), continuous market, double auction market, double-auction market, first market, forward market, fourth market, imperfect market, inside market 2), inter-dealer market, intermediate market, inverted market, monopolistic market, non-exchange market, off-board market, oligopolistic market, one-sided market, one-way market, open outcry market, OTC market, outcry market, 2), over-the-counter market, over-the-counter securities market, over-the-telephone market, parallel market, perfect market, physical market, public market 2), pure market, retail market, screen-based market, second market, spot market, street market 1), third market, upstairs market 2), wholesale market CHILD [legality\]: administered market, bear market 2), black market 1) а), blocked market, closed market, controlled market, formal market, free market, free and open market, informal market, grey market 1) а), illicit market, kerb market, organized market, price-making market, regulated market 1) а), rigged market, self-regulated market, access to market, market access, market disruption, inside market 1), 1), market-determined price3)а) эк. спрос; объем спроса, размер рынка (наличие желающих купить товар; часто используется как характеристика определенной территории)COMBS:
The European market for this product is estimated at $10 billions during next 5 years. — По оценкам, объем европейского рынка этого продукта будет равен 10 млрд долл. в течение ближайших пяти лет.
ATTRIBUTES: actual 1. 1), assured 1. 2), brisk 1. 1), business 1. 4) а), commercial 1. 1), consumer 1. 1), consumers, customer 1. 1), dealer 1. 1), б, enterprise 1. 2) а), government 1. 7) а), heavy user, industrial 1. 1), а, institutional 1. 1), а, manufacturing 2. 1) а), organizational, personal 1. 2) а), potential, producer 1. 1), professional 1. 1), promising, ready 1. 1), reseller, trade 1. 2), world 2. 1) а)
See:actual market 1), assured market, brisk market, business market, commercial market, consumer market, consumers market, consumers' market, customer market, dealer market, enterprise market, government market, heavy-user market, industrial market, institutional market, large-volume market, manufacturing market, organizational market, personal market 1), potential market 1) б), producer market, professional market, promising market, ready market, reseller market, trade market, world market 2) б)б) эк. потребителиATTRIBUTES: brand-loyal, control 3. 1), conventional 3. 2), core 2. 2), exploratory, intended, main 1. 1), mass 3. 1), personal 3. 2), potential, primary 2. 2), n2, principal 2. 2), n1, prospective, target 3. 1), test 3. 1), traditional
Syn:See:brand-loyal market, control market, conventional market, core market, exploratory market, intended market, main market 2), personal market 2), potential market 2) а), primary market 2), principal market 1) а), prospective market, target market, test market, traditional market, market acceptance, market attritionв) марк. рынок сбыта ( географический район)ATTRIBUTES: colonial, domestic 2) а), export 3. 2) а), external 1. 2) а), foreign 1. 1) а), global 1. 1) а), home 2. 2) а), internal 1. 2) а), international 1. 1) а), dispersed, distant 1. 1) а), local 1. 1) а), national 1. 1) а), nation-wide, nationwide, overseas 1. 2) а), regional, scattered 1. 1) а), world 2. 1) а), world-wide
Syn:See:colonial market, domestic market 1), export market, external market 1), foreign market 1), global market, home market, internal market 1), 2), international market, dispersed market, distant market, local market, national market, nation-wide market, overseas market, regional market, scattered market, world market 1), worldwide market, new-to-market, old-to-marketг) марк. = market segmentATTRIBUTES:
ATTRIBUTES: concentrated 1) а), craft 1. 1) а), demographic, downscale 1. 2) а), heterogeneous, homogeneous, high-income, low-end, metro, metropolitan, middle-aged, middle-class, mid-range, military, rural, specialized, specialty, silver 2. 3) а), upscale 1. 2) а), youth 2. 4) а)
See:black market 2), 2), craft market, demographic market, downmarket, down-market, downscale market, heterogeneous market, homogeneous market, high-income market, low-end market, lower end of the market, middle-aged market, middle-class market, mid-range market, military market 2) б), specialized market, specialty market, silver market 1) б), upscale market, youth market4) эк. конъюнктура, уровень цен, состояние рынка (состояние рынка в значении 2, с точки зрения активности продавцов и покупателей и соответствующей динамики изменения цен)ATTRIBUTES: active 1. 3), advancing, bid 1. 3), bear 1. 2), barren 1. 3), broad 1. 1), bull 1. 2), close II 2. 3) в), competitive II 2. 2) а), complete 1. 2), confident II 2. 1) а), congested, contango, contestable, crossed II 2. 2) а), crowded II 2. 1) а), а, dead 1. 2), declining, deep II 2. 2) а), depressed II 2. 2) а), б, differentiated, dull II 2. 1) а), efficient II 2. 1) а), б, emerging, established II 2. 1) а), expanding, falling, fast II 1. 2) а), fertile II 2. 1) а), firm I 1. 1) а), flat I 2. 4) а), graveyard, growing 1. 1), growth II 2. 1) а), heavy II 2. 1) а), inactive II 2. 2) а), increasing, jumpy II 2. 1) а), б, languid II 2. 2) а), limited II 2. 1) а), liquid I 2. 6) а), locked II 2. 2) а), lucrative, mature 1. 2), narrow 1. 1), nervous I 2. 5) б), normal I 1. 5) б), offered, overstocked II 2. 1) а), а, pegged I 1. 3) б), present I 2. 2) б), price-sensitive, productive I 1. 3) б), profitable II 2. 1) а), protected, recession-hit, restricted II 2. 1) а), restrictive II 2. 1) а), rising, sagging I 2. 2) б), saturated I 1. 3) б), seller II 2. 1) а), а, selective I 2. 5) б), sensitive I 2. 4) б), short 1. 1), shrinking, slack I 2. 2) б), sluggish II 2. 2) а), soft I 2. 4) б), sold-out, stable I 2. 1) б), stagnant II 2. 1) а), static I 2. 2) б), steady 1. 1), stiff 1. 1), б, strong II 2. 2) а), technically strong, technically weak, tight I 2. 4) б), wide II 2. 1) а)
See:active market, advancing market, bid market, bear market 1), Big Emerging Markets, broad market, bull market, buyers' market, close market, competitive market, complete market, contango market, contestable market, crossed market, crowded market, dead market, declining market, deep market, depressed market, differentiated market, dull market, efficient market, emerging market, established market, expanding market, fast market, fertile market, firm market, flat market, growing market, inactive market, jumpy market, languid market, lemons market, limited market, liquid market, locked market, lucrative market, market of lemons, mature market, narrow market, normal market, offered market, overstocked market, pegged market, present market, price-sensitive market, productive market, profitable market, protected market, recession-hit market, restricted market, restrictive market, rising market, sagging market, saturated market, sellers market, seller's market, sellers' market, selective market, sensitive market, short market, shrinking market, slack market, sluggish market, soft market, sold-out market, stable market, stagnant market, static market, steady market, stiff market, strong market, technically strong market, technically weak market, tight market, wide market5) эк., амер. розничный магазин (обычно специализированный, напр., мясной, рыбный)6) эк., пол. рынок (принцип устройства экономической системы, предусматривающий свободное формирование цен под воздействием спроса и предложения)See:7) межд. эк. рынок (экономический союз нескольких стран, в основе которого лежит создание единого торгового пространства для товаров, услуг и факторов производства)ATTRIBUTES: common 1) а), single 2) а)
See:common market, single market, Andean Common Market, Arab Common Market, Central American Common Market, Central American Common Market, common market, Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa2. гл.1) эк. продавать, реализовывать, распространятьto receive approval from X agency to market the product — получить разрешение от органа Х на распространение продукта
2) марк. осуществлять маркетинг, позиционировать, продвигатьE-mail is recognized as the easiest and cheapest way to market your organization, your programs, and your issues. — Электронная почта считается самым легким и недорогим способом продвижения [рекламирования\] вашей организации, ваших программ и вашей работы.
See:3. прил.1) эк. рыночныйAnt:market age, market animal, market livestock, market output, market place, market quality 1), market services, market stall, market weight 1)See:market activity 1), market behaviour 2), market capitalism, 1), market competition, market conduct, market discipline, market economy, market exchange, market fundamentalism, market ideology, market mechanism, market mode of coordination, market order of worth, market political culture, market sector 3), market socialism, market system, market transactionSee:market absorption, market acceptance, market activity 2), market appraisal, market area, market attractiveness, market attrition, market audience, market basket, market behaviour 1), market breadth, market break, market breakdown, market cap, market capacity, market capitalization, market challenger, 2), market clearance 2), market clearing, market communications, market composition, market concentration, market condition, market conditions 2), market coverage, market decline, market definition, market demand, market depth, market disequilibrium, market dominance, market dynamics, market equilibrium, market expectation, market expectations, market failure, market focus, market follower, market form, market glut, market grade, 1), market growth, market homogeneity, market interest rate, market intermediary, market jitters, market leader, market leadership, market level 2), market maker, market making, market needs, market nicher, market organization, market out, market participant, market partnership, market pattern, market position, market potential, market power, market presence, market pressure, market price, market profile, market quality 2), market quotation, market rate, market rate of interest, market range, market reaction, market requirements, market resistance, market response, market return, market satisfaction, market saturation, market segment, market selection, market sensitivity, market sentiment, market share, market situation 1), market size, market stability, market standard, market standing, market structure, market supply, market tone, market trader, market trend, market undertone, market user, market value, market value added, market volume, market weight 2) Market EyeSee:market analysis, market analyst, market approach, market arbitrage, market audit, market average, market barrier, market build-up, market channel, market clearance 1), market closing, market conditions 1), market conversion price, market cycle, market data, market development, market discount, market entry, market evidence, market exit, market expansion, market experiment, market exploration, market exposure, market factor, market fluctuation, market fluctuations, market forces, market forecast, market forecasting, 2), market hours, market incentive, market index, market indicator, market information, market inroad, market intelligence, market interface, market investigation, market letter, market level 1), market liquidity, market manager, market mapping, market matching, market maximization, market model, market modification, market movement, market multiple, market niche, market node, market opening, market opportunity, market order, market orientation, market outlet, market penetration, market performance, market period, market plan, market planning, market portfolio, market positioning, market prognosis, market ratio, market report, market research, market researcher, market reversal, market review, market risk, market rollout, market sector 1), &2, market segmentation, market selectivity, market sharing, market signal, market situation 2), market skimming, market specialist, market specialization, market stimulant, market strategy, market study, market survey, market sweep, market target, market targeting, market test, market testing, market timer, market timing2) эк. товарный, рыночный ( предназначенный для продажи на рынке)market fish — товарная рыба, рыба для продажи
market stock — товарный скот, скот для продажи
market vegetables — товарные овощи, овощи для продажи
Syn:marketable 3)See:market age, market animal, market livestock, market output, market place, market quality 1), market services, market stall, market weight 1)
* * *
market; Mkt; mart 1) рынок: организованная или неформальная система торговли товарами, услугами или финансовыми инструментами на основе четких правил (напр., фондовая биржа); 2) рыночные цены, состояние конъюнктуры; 3) совокупность людей или юридических лиц, предъявляющих текущий или потенциальный спрос на товары услуги; равнозначно спросу; 4) основные участники финансового рынка: дилеры, торгующие за свой счет, посредники и покупатели; 5) = marketplace; 6) рынок как столкновение спроса и предложения покупателей и продавцов, в результате которого определяется цена товара; 7) (to) продавать; см. marketing; 8) = market value; 9) "The Market"= Dow Jones Industrial Average.* * *рынок; рыночное хозяйство; рыночная экономика; рыночный механизм; спрос; конъюнктура. Как правило, употребляется применительно к фондовому рынку. 'Сегодня рынок упал' означает, что в этот день стоимость сделок на фондовом рынке снизилась . Инвестиционная деятельность .* * *организованное собрание/встреча людей, на которой происходит торговля ценными бумагами-----территория, на которой встречаются продавцы и покупатели, чтобы обменяться тем, что представляет ценность-----конъюнктурный обзор; бюллетень о состоянии рынка -
20 system
1) система || системный3) вчт операционная система; программа-супервизор5) вчт большая программа6) метод; способ; алгоритм•system halted — "система остановлена" ( экранное сообщение об остановке компьютера при наличии серьёзной ошибки)
- CPsystem- H-system- h-system- hydrogen-air/lead battery hybrid system- Ksystem- Lsystem- L*a*b* system- master/slave computer system- p-system- y-system- Δ-system
- 1
- 2
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